For participants under 16, what is typically required for informed consent?

Informed consent is a crucial aspect of conducting research, particularly when working with minors. For participants under the age of 16, parental or legal guardian consent is typically required to ensure that the rights and well-being of the child are prioritized. This process includes obtaining a written consent form from a parent or guardian, as it serves to formally notify them of the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks. Having this written documentation not only helps to protect the participant but also ensures that the research complies with ethical guidelines and legal requirements.

While verbal consent, informal discussions, and group consent might seem less formal and could be applicable in specific contexts, they generally do not meet the standard for legally binding informed consent when it comes to minors. Written consent provides a clear record that can be referenced if needed and confirms that the parent or guardian has understood and agreed to the terms of the research. Thus, written consent from a parent or guardian is essential for conducting ethical research involving participants under 16 years old.