In psychology research, what is a common outcome of using a repeated measures design?

Using a repeated measures design involves the same participants being tested across multiple conditions or time points. One of the common outcomes of this design is the presence of increased testing effects. This occurs because participants are exposed to the same or similar tests multiple times, which can lead to improvements in performance due to practice, familiarity with the test format, and memory recall.

When individuals engage with a task repeatedly, their prior experience can influence their responses, potentially skewing results. It's important for researchers to be aware of these testing effects, as they can confound the data if not controlled for. For example, when measuring changes in cognitive ability, a participant might score higher on a second testing simply because they’ve already learned how to navigate the testing process, rather than any actual improvement in cognitive function or ability.

In contrast, the other options present scenarios that are generally not outcomes associated with repeated measures designs. Higher participant dropout rates typically are associated with longitudinal studies that last longer and may lose participants over time. Increased participant randomization is more characteristic of between-subjects designs where participants are randomly assigned to different groups. Lastly, while repeated measures designs do consider ethical implications, they generally don't reduce the need for ethical considerations; in fact, ethical considerations remain crucial regardless of